Title Development of a Bidirectional Pedestrian Stream Model with anOblique Intersecting Angle

5 This study establishes a mathematical model that can represent the conflicting effects of two 6 pedestrian streams with an oblique intersecting angle in a large crowd. In a previous study, a 7 controlled experiment in which two streams of pedestrians were asked to walk in designated 8 directions was used to model the bi-directional pedestrian stream of certain intersecting angles. In this 9 study, we revisit that problem and apply the Bayesian inference approach to calibrate an improved 10 model with the controlled experiment data. We also collected pedestrian movement data from a busy 11 crosswalk using a video observation approach. The two sets of data are used separately to calibrate 12 our proposed model. With the calibrated model, we study the relationship between speed, density, and 13 flow in both the reference and conflicting streams, and predict how these factors affect the 14 interactions of moving pedestrian streams. We find that the speed of one stream not only decreases 15 with its total density, but it also decreases with the ratio of its flow in relation to the total flow, i.e., the 16 speed of the pedestrians decreases if their stream changes from the major to the minor stream. We 17 also observe that the maximum disruption induced by pedestrian flow from an intersecting angle 18 occurs when the angle is near 135.